If you’re looking for the best small animal nail trimmers that are safe, precise, and easy to use, I’ve found some great options. From quiet grinders with safety features to sharp, ergonomic clippers suited for tiny nails, these tools make grooming less stressful for both pets and owners. With features like LED lights, rechargeable batteries, and safety guards, you’ll find something that fits your needs perfectly. Keep going to discover the top picks for smooth, safe nail care.
Key Takeaways
- Look for trimmers with sharp, stainless steel blades for precise, safe cuts on small pet nails.
- Choose models with safety features like guards and locks to prevent overcutting and injuries.
- Opt for ergonomic, non-slip handles for better control and reduced hand fatigue during grooming.
- Select tools designed specifically for small pets like cats, rabbits, hamsters, or birds for optimal fit and comfort.
- Consider quiet, low-vibration trimmers to minimize stress and make grooming a calmer experience for pets.
Tweezerman Small Nail Clippers for Dogs & Cats
If you’re looking for a reliable nail trimmer for small pets, the Tweezerman Small Nail Clippers for Dogs & Cats stand out thanks to their precise stainless-steel blades. I appreciate how smoothly they cut in one clean motion, making grooming quicker and less stressful. Designed for both left and right-handed use, they have ergonomic, non-slip handles that give me control and comfort. The auto-lock feature makes storage safe and easy. Suitable for nails up to 0.16 inches, these clippers are vet-approved and trusted by groomers. I find them reliable for regular, safe trimming, especially when used carefully at a 45-degree angle.
Best For: pet owners seeking precise, safe, and comfortable nail trimming tools for small dogs and cats.
Pros:
- Sharp, stainless-steel blades for smooth, clean cuts in one motion
- Ergonomic, non-slip handles that provide better control and comfort
- Auto-lock mechanism for safe storage and easy one-handed operation
Cons:
- Some users experience dull blades that cause splintering or difficulty cutting
- Handle design issues such as slipping or safety guards obstructing view reported by a few users
- Less sharp compared to other brands like Millers Forge or Safari, leading to dissatisfaction for some users
Dog Nail Grinder, Silent & Rechargeable for Small, Medium, Large Dogs & Cats
The Quiet Grind Pro Dog Nail Grinder stands out as an ideal choice for pet owners seeking a gentle, quiet grooming tool, especially for dogs and cats sensitive to loud noises. Its operation at around 40 decibels makes it perfect for pets that dislike noise. The rechargeable device features two speed settings, three grinding ports, and an LED light for visibility, ensuring safe and precise trimming. Lightweight and portable at just 6.9 ounces, it’s suitable for small to large pets. The set includes a clipper and replaceable diamond bit, backed by a 12-month warranty and 24/7 support—making grooming safer and more comfortable for your furry friends.
Best For: Pet owners seeking a quiet, gentle grooming tool suitable for small to large dogs and cats, especially those sensitive to noise.
Pros:
- Operates quietly at around 40 decibels, ideal for noise-sensitive pets.
- Rechargeable with adjustable speed settings and multiple grinding ports for customization.
- Includes safety features like a guard and LED light for precise and safe trimming.
Cons:
- May have limited power for effectively grooming large or thick-nailed dogs.
- Longer grooming times might be necessary for bigger breeds with tougher nails.
- Less suitable for pets with mobility or joint issues that require more powerful tools.
HARDELL Dog Nail Grinder with LED Lights and Rechargeable Safety Clippers
The HARDELL Dog Nail Grinder stands out as an excellent choice for pet owners seeking a safe, effective grooming tool for small to medium dogs, cats, and puppies. Its quiet operation under 35 dB helps reduce pet anxiety, while the rechargeable battery guarantees convenience. The grinder features 2 LED lights for better visibility, 3 grinding ports for versatility, and a diamond drum bit that provides painless, efficient nail trimming. Its compact, lightweight design minimizes wrist fatigue and promotes pet comfort. Perfect for beginners, it’s easy to use and safe, making at-home nail care stress-free for both pets and owners.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, quiet, and effective nail grooming tool for small to medium dogs, cats, and puppies at home.
Pros:
- Quiet operation (less than 35 dB) reduces pet anxiety during grooming
- Rechargeable lithium-ion battery offers convenience and portability
- Multiple grinding ports and LED lights provide versatility and clear visibility
Cons:
- May require some initial practice for perfect handling and trimming
- Suitable primarily for small to medium-sized pets; larger animals may need different tools
- The device’s effectiveness depends on pet temperament and cooperation
Casfuy 6-Speed Dog Nail Grinder for Painless Grooming
For pet owners seeking a gentle, efficient way to trim their dogs’ nails, the Casfuy 6-Speed Dog Nail Grinder stands out with its quiet operation and adjustable speeds. With six precise settings ranging from 7,000 to 12,000 RPM, it offers safe, customizable grooming for dogs of all sizes. The dual LED lights help prevent over-trimming by illuminating the nail quick, while the advanced diamond drum bit ensures comfortable grinding. Its low noise and vibration reduce stress, making grooming less intimidating. Lightweight, ergonomic, and USB rechargeable, it provides up to two hours of use, making nail care easier and more comfortable for both pet and owner.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, quiet, and adjustable nail trimming tool suitable for dogs of all sizes and nail types.
Pros:
- Six adjustable speeds (7,000 to 12,000 RPM) for customized grooming.
- Quiet operation and low vibration to reduce pet stress.
- Dual LED lights and advanced diamond drum bit for safe and comfortable trimming.
Cons:
- Some pets may still be sensitive to vibrations despite the quiet motor.
- Requires a 3-hour charge for up to 2 hours of use, which may be inconvenient for quick trims.
- Slightly higher price point compared to basic manual clippers.
Kaytee Pro-Nail Trimmer Purple
Looking for a nail trimmer that makes grooming small pets safer and easier? The Kaytee Pro-Nail Trimmer Purple is a professional-quality tool designed for all small animals, from guinea pigs to ferrets. Its 4-inch size fits comfortably in your hand, with an easy grip handle and finger rest for precise cuts. Made from durable metal, it prevents nails from cracking or snagging, ensuring smooth, straight trims. Praised for its sharpness and ergonomic design, many users find it quick and stress-free, often completing trims in minutes. Its curved shape matches claw anatomy, making it safe and effective for pets and owners alike.
Best For: small pet owners and professionals seeking a precise, safe, and easy-to-use nail trimmer for animals like guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, mice, rabbits, and small dogs.
Pros:
- Sharp blades ensure clean, precise cuts without cracking or snagging nails.
- Ergonomic design with slip-resistant handle and finger rest for safe, comfortable handling.
- Suitable for all small animals and various life stages, making it versatile and practical.
Cons:
- Small finger holes may be difficult for users with larger hands or limited dexterity.
- Requires careful handling to avoid over-trimming or injury, especially for inexperienced users.
- Metal construction, while durable, may be heavier than plastic alternatives for some users.
Gonicc Small Dog and Cat Nail Clippers with Safety Guard
If you’re seeking a safe, precise way to trim small pets’ nails, Gonicc Small Dog and Cat Nail Clippers with Safety Guard stands out. The sharp stainless steel semi-circular blades help make clean, accurate cuts, while the fixed safety guard prevents overcutting and injury. I like that it includes a convenient nail file stored in the handle for polishing sharp edges. The ergonomic, non-slip handles feel comfortable and provide control, reducing stress for both pet and owner. Its compact size and lightweight design make grooming easier, especially for small animals like cats, small dogs, or rabbits. Overall, this clipper offers a safe, effective trimming solution I trust.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, precise, and easy-to-use nail trimming tool for small dogs, cats, and other small animals.
Pros:
- Sharp stainless steel semi-circular blades for clean, accurate cuts
- Fixed safety guard effectively prevents overcutting and injuries
- Ergonomic, non-slip handles provide comfort and control during grooming
Cons:
- The included nail file may occasionally fall out with frequent use
- Thicker or larger pet nails might require more pressure or may not be suitable
- Pet reactions to trimming vary, and some animals may resist the process
Mr. Pen- Cat Nail Clipper, Kitten Nail Trimmers, Pet Nail Cutter
The Mr. Pen Cat Nail Clipper is designed for comfort, control, and precision. Its sharp stainless steel blades ensure quick, clean trims, reducing stress for both pet and owner. The ergonomic handle with a soft, non-slip grip fits naturally in my hand, making the grooming process easier and less traumatic. Compact and lightweight, it’s suitable for all cat breeds and sizes, with a precise angle that enhances trimming accuracy. Rated 4.6 out of 5 from over 8,000 reviews, users love its effectiveness and ease of use. While some concerns about durability exist, overall, it’s a reliable, affordable tool that simplifies nail grooming for cats and small pets.
Best For: pet owners seeking an easy, efficient, and less stressful nail trimming solution for cats and small pets.
Pros:
- Sharp stainless steel blades for quick and clean cuts
- Ergonomic, non-slip handle reduces hand fatigue and stress
- Compact and lightweight design suitable for all cat sizes and breeds
Cons:
- Durability concerns, such as potential breakage at the tang
- May not be ideal for trimming thicker dog nails
- Some users experience issues with smooth operation or cutting effectiveness
PAKEWAY Pet Nail Clipper with LED & UV Light for Dogs, Cats, Rabbits
The PAKEWAY Pet Nail Clipper is an excellent choice for pet owners who want precise, safe trimming with added health benefits. Its ultra-bright LED light illuminates nails for accurate cuts, while the UV lamp detects skin issues like ringworm, supporting your pet’s health. Made from heavy-duty stainless steel, its sharp, angled blades ensure clean cuts and reduce splintering. The ergonomic, non-slip handle provides comfort and control, and the safety lock prevents accidental injuries. With a rechargeable battery lasting up to six months, it’s portable and convenient for home or travel use. Overall, this clipper makes grooming safer, quicker, and less stressful for both pets and owners.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, precise, and health-conscious grooming tool for trimming nails on cats, dogs, and small animals.
Pros:
- Bright LED light provides clear visibility for accurate trimming.
- UV lamp detects skin issues like ringworm, supporting overall pet health.
- Ergonomic, non-slip handle offers comfort and control during use.
Cons:
- Small opening size may not accommodate very thick or large nails easily.
- Some users report that the LED light brightness can vary or diminish over time.
- Regular maintenance is required to prevent rust and ensure blade longevity.
JAZZZNAP Cat Nail Clippers, Pet Nail Trimmers (2 Pcs)
JAZZZNAP Cat Nail Clippers stand out as an excellent choice for pet owners who want safe, efficient nail trimming at home. This 2-piece set is perfect for small animals like cats, puppies, birds, and rabbits, offering curved and flat tips to suit different nail types. Made with sharp, durable stainless steel blades, they deliver quick, clean cuts without crushing claws. The ergonomic, non-slip handles ensure a comfortable grip, making grooming easier and safer. Rated 4.6 stars, users praise their durability and ease of use. Proper technique is essential, but these clippers make regular nail care straightforward and stress-free for both pets and owners.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safe, efficient, and convenient solution for at-home nail trimming of small animals like cats, puppies, birds, and rabbits.
Pros:
- Sharp, durable stainless steel blades ensure quick and clean cuts without crushing claws
- Ergonomic, non-slip handles provide a comfortable and secure grip during use
- Designed with curved and flat tips to accommodate different nail types and sizes
Cons:
- Occasional slipping may require extra caution during trimming
- Blades may dull over time with frequent use, potentially reducing effectiveness
- Some hinges may loosen with extensive use, affecting durability
Portable Dog Nail Clippers with Foldable Design Cat Nail Trimmer
If you’re looking for a portable and reliable solution to trim your pet’s nails, these foldable dog nail clippers are an excellent choice. They feature a sleek, space-saving design made from durable stainless steel blades, ensuring sharpness and longevity. The foldable structure makes them easy to store and transport, perfect for home or on-the-go grooming. With an ergonomic, anti-slip handle and a built-in nail file, they offer comfort and precision. Quiet operation minimizes pet discomfort, and the small trimming increments help prevent injury. Weighing just 94g, these clippers combine practicality, safety, and portability for stress-free nail grooming.
Best For: pet owners and groomers seeking a portable, safe, and efficient nail trimming tool suitable for pets of all sizes.
Pros:
- Durable stainless steel blades ensure long-lasting sharpness and precise cuts
- Foldable, lightweight design for easy storage and portability
- Ergonomic, anti-slip handle provides comfort and better control during grooming
Cons:
- May cause pets to dislike the squeezing pressure, leading to discomfort during use
- Trimming in small sections requires patience and may take longer for overgrown nails
- Might be less effective for very thick or tough nails requiring specialized tools
Casfuy Dog Nail Grinder with LED Light
For pet owners looking for a safe and effective way to trim their dog’s nails, the Casfuy Dog Nail Grinder with LED Light is an excellent choice. It features an upgraded LED light that clearly shows the quick, even in low light, reducing the risk of over-trimming. The grinder uses a durable diamond drum bit for smooth, painless grooming and includes a comfortable, ergonomic design suitable for all hand sizes. With adjustable two-speed settings and three grinding ports for different pet sizes, it handles tough nails easily. Its low noise and vibration levels keep pets calm, making grooming safer and more stress-free. Plus, it’s cordless and rechargeable, offering portability and convenience.
Best For: Pet owners seeking a safe, efficient, and easy-to-use grooming tool for trimming and shaping their dogs’ nails at home.
Pros:
- Features upgraded LED light for enhanced visibility of the quick, reducing over-trimming risk.
- Quiet operation with low vibration levels, making grooming less stressful for pets.
- Adjustable two-speed settings and multiple grinding ports for customized, effective grooming for all pet sizes.
Cons:
- May be less effective on very thick or tough nails and certain breeds.
- Requires a 3-hour charge for approximately 3 hours of use, which may be inconvenient for some users.
- Some pets might still need gradual acclimation despite the grinder’s gentle design.
Silent Groom Pro Pet Nail Grinder and Clipper, Rechargeable Portable Nail Trimmer
The Silent Groom Pro Pet Nail Grinder and Clipper stands out for pet owners who prioritize safety and quiet operation during grooming sessions. Its diamond-bit grinder with a safety guard prevents over-filing, while the auto-stop mechanism safeguards pets from injury. With two-speed control—2000 RPM for gentle buffing and 3000 RPM for efficient grinding—it adapts to different nail needs. The three replaceable heads fit nails from 2mm to 8mm. Designed with a low-noise motor and anti-slip grip, it keeps pets calm. Plus, its rechargeable battery and portable design make grooming easy at home or on the go.
Best For: pet owners seeking a quiet, safe, and portable nail grooming tool suitable for home or travel.
Pros:
- Low-noise motor and anti-slip grip help keep pets calm during grooming sessions
- Adjustable two-speed control and three replaceable heads accommodate different nail sizes and needs
- Rechargeable battery with USB-C charging and portable design for convenient use anywhere
Cons:
- May require some initial adjustment to find the right speed and head size for each pet
- Battery life could be limited during extended grooming sessions
- Small parts like replaceable heads need careful handling and storage to prevent loss
LED Dog Nail Clipper with Light
The LED Dog Nail Clipper with Light is an excellent choice for pet owners who want a safer, more precise way to trim nails at home. Its built-in LED illuminates nails and bloodlines, making it easier to see quicks on light-colored nails and reducing the risk of over-cutting. The safety guard and blade lock add extra security, preventing injuries and accidental openings. Sharp blades handle thick or hard claws efficiently, while non-slip handles ensure a comfortable grip. An integrated nail file helps finish edges smoothly. Compact and lightweight, this clipper offers a user-friendly, safe grooming experience for both pets and owners.
Best For: pet owners seeking a safer, precise, and easy-to-use nail trimming tool for their dogs, cats, or small animals at home.
Pros:
- Illuminates nails and bloodlines for clearer visibility, reducing over-cutting risk
- Safety guard and blade lock enhance security and prevent injuries
- Sharp blades efficiently handle thick or hard claws with minimal stress
Cons:
- LED light may be less effective on dark or black nails, limiting visibility
- Small or weak light casing can be awkward or insufficient on squirmy pets
- Some users may experience accidental over-cutting if not careful during trimming
Pet Republique Cat Nail Clippers, Stainless Steel Claw Trimmer for Small Animals
Pet Republique Cat Nail Clippers stand out as an excellent choice for small pet owners seeking safe, precise trimming tools. Crafted with thick, stainless steel blades, these clippers stay sharp for years and are carefully quality-checked to prevent breakage. They’re optimized for small animals like kittens, small dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and birds. The sharp blades, sturdy construction, and non-slip handles ensure safe, accurate cuts. The compact size offers better control and reduces pet stress. Easy to use with ergonomic grips, many users praise their effectiveness, minimal splintering, and how they help make grooming less intimidating for pets and owners alike.
Best For: small pet owners seeking safe, precise, and comfortable nail trimming tools for kittens, small dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and birds.
Pros:
- Made with durable stainless steel blades that stay sharp for years, ensuring long-lasting performance
- Designed for safety and precision with non-slip handles and built-in spring for effortless use
- Compact size enhances control, reduces pet anxiety, and allows for precise trimming
Cons:
- Not suitable for larger or heavy-duty claws, may struggle with big dog nails
- Some users find the blades less sharp than expected, though still effective for small pet nails
- Requires careful trimming to avoid overcutting, especially on overgrown nails
Factors to Consider When Choosing Small Animal Nail Trimmers
When choosing small animal nail trimmers, I focus on safety features to prevent accidents and guarantee my pet’s comfort. I also consider blade sharpness and durability for clean cuts, along with handle comfort for better control. Finally, I look for a design that’s easy to use, fits the claws well, and feels comfortable in my hand.
Safety Features Importance
Ever wondered how to prevent accidents during small animal nail trimming? Safety features are indispensable for confident, injury-free grooming. Built-in guards or safety locks help prevent overcutting, reducing the risk of cutting into sensitive quick areas. Non-slip handles and ergonomic designs give you better control, decreasing slips that could harm your pet. Devices with adjustable speed settings or multiple grinding ports allow customization according to nail size and thickness, enhancing safety. Features like automatic stop mechanisms or safety guards are crucial for avoiding quick cuts or accidental injuries, especially for nervous or delicate animals. Prioritizing these safety features ensures a safer grooming experience, minimizes discomfort, and helps keep your small pet happy and healthy during nail trimming sessions.
Blade Sharpness and Durability
Choosing a small animal nail trimmer with sharp blades is essential because they guarantee clean, precise cuts that keep your pet comfortable and prevent nail splitting or cracking. Sharp blades reduce the chance of splintering and over-trimming, making grooming safer for your pet. Durability is equally important; blades that stay sharp longer save you time and effort, maintaining consistent trimming performance. High-quality materials like stainless steel are preferred because they resist rust and keep their edge over time. Keep in mind, dull blades can cause injury or discomfort and may require frequent replacement. Regular cleaning and honing help preserve blade sharpness and extend their lifespan, ensuring your trimmer remains effective and safe for every grooming session.
Handle Comfort and Grip
A comfortable handle with a non-slip surface makes a big difference in how easily I can trim my pet’s nails. It reduces hand fatigue and gives me better control, which is vital for safety. Ergonomic designs that fit the natural shape of my hand help prevent slipping and improve precision, making the process smoother. Handles with textured grips or rubberized surfaces provide extra stability, especially if my hands are wet or sweaty. A lightweight handle is also a bonus, as it minimizes strain on my wrist, making grooming sessions less tiring. Properly designed handles allow me to make steady, confident cuts, reducing the risk of accidentally injuring my pet. Overall, handle comfort and grip are essential for safe, effective nail trimming.
Size and Claw Fit
When selecting small animal nail trimmers, it’s crucial to guarantee the blades are properly sized to match your pet’s claws, preventing gaps or overlaps that could cause injury. The trimmer’s blade curvature should mirror the natural shape of your pet’s nails to avoid splitting or crushing. Check the handle or grip size to ensure comfortable control, especially if you have small hands or your pet has tiny claws. The cutting width must accommodate the nail’s thickness without causing strain or injury. For precise trimming, choose a tool that allows you to cut small sections, typically 1-2mm at a time, which minimizes the risk of over-cutting and quick injury. Proper sizing ensures safe, effective grooming tailored to your pet’s unique nail shape and size.
Ease of Use Design
Ease of use is essential when selecting small animal nail trimmers, as it directly impacts both safety and comfort. Ergonomic handles with non-slip grips help me maintain control and reduce hand fatigue during grooming. Sharp, precise blades enable quick cuts, which keeps my pet calmer and minimizes stress. Safety features like built-in guards or safety locks prevent overcutting and accidental injuries, making the process safer for both of us. A compact, lightweight design improves maneuverability, allowing me to handle small animals more confidently. Clear visual indicators or guides on the trimmer help me trim at the correct length, ensuring effective grooming without guesswork. Overall, a well-designed, easy-to-use trimmer makes nail grooming safer, quicker, and less stressful for everyone involved.
Pet Comfort Considerations
Selecting the right small animal nail trimmers isn’t just about the tool’s features; prioritizing your pet’s comfort makes the grooming experience smoother and less stressful. I look for tools with ergonomic, non-slip handles that reduce hand fatigue and give me better control. Quiet, low-vibration clippers or grinders help keep my pet calm by minimizing noise and sudden movements that could scare them. Safety guards or guides built into the trimmers prevent over-cutting, reducing the risk of discomfort or injury. I also ensure the tools are appropriately sized and shaped to match my pet’s nails, which helps prevent pain and makes trimming less traumatic. Gradually introducing grooming and using positive reinforcement further helps my pet feel at ease during the process.
Price and Quality Balance
Balancing price and quality is essential when choosing small animal nail trimmers because investing in a reliable tool can save you time, money, and stress in the long run. Higher-quality trimmers with stainless steel blades stay sharp longer and reduce the need for frequent replacements. While budget options may be cheaper upfront, they often have softer blades and less ergonomic handles, which can compromise safety and precision. Safety features like guards or built-in stops help prevent overcutting and injuries, offering better value over time. Cheaper tools might require more force or multiple trims, increasing stress for both pet and owner. Comparing reviews, material quality, and safety features guarantees you find a trimmer that balances affordability with durability, making grooming safer and more efficient.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Often Should I Trim My Small Pet’s Nails?
I get asked how often to trim a small pet’s nails, and it really depends on the pet and their activity level. Usually, I recommend every 2-4 weeks to prevent overgrowth and discomfort. If your pet’s nails click on the floor or they start snagging on things, it’s time for a trim. Regular trimming keeps them comfortable and healthy, so keep an eye on their nails and trim as needed.
Are Electric Grinders Safer Than Manual Clippers?
Oh, electric grinders are totally safer than manual clippers—said no groomer ever. Honestly, both have their pros and cons; electric grinders can be gentler if used carefully, reducing the risk of cutting too deep. But they also require patience and skill. I’d say, it really depends on your pet’s temperament and your comfort level. Either way, proper technique is key to safe, stress-free grooming.
Can I Use These Trimmers on All Small Animals?
You’re wondering if these trimmers work on all small animals. I’d say it depends on the species and their comfort level. Generally, most small animal nail trimmers are versatile, but some animals, like hamsters or reptiles, might require specialized tools. Always check the trimmer’s recommendations, and if you’re unsure, consult your vet to guarantee you’re using the safest option for your pet.
What Precautions Prevent Nail Trimming Injuries?
They say a stitch in time saves nine, and that’s true for nail trimming injuries too. To prevent accidents, I always use sharp, appropriate trimmers and stay calm. I make sure I’m in a well-lit area and hold the paw gently but firmly. I trim slowly, avoiding the quick, and if unsure, I ask my vet for guidance. Safety first keeps grooming stress-free for both of us.
How Do I Choose the Right Size Trimmer for My Pet?
When choosing the right size trimmer, I consider my pet’s nail size and breed. I look for a trimmer with a comfortable grip and a blade that’s appropriate for small or tiny nails. I also check the trimmer’s blade length and cutting capacity to prevent over-trimming. If your pet has quick-sensitive nails, opt for a smaller, precise trimmer to make grooming safer and easier.
Conclusion
So, after exploring these top trimmers, it’s amusing how something so small can cause such a big fuss—until you find the perfect one. Who knew that choosing the right clipper could turn grooming from a dreaded chore into almost enjoyable? Yet, here I am, still marveling at how these tiny tools wield so much power over our pets’ comfort—and our patience. Truly, small can be mighty—if you pick wisely.
Laura is a versatile writer and editor whose passion for animals shines through in her work. With a keen understanding of language and a love for storytelling, Laura crafts compelling narratives that captivate our audience and inspire action regarding animal welfare. Whether she’s delving into the latest research or sharing heartwarming stories of animal companionship, Laura’s work will leave a lasting impression on all who read it.
